Comments on Paradigm Tables for Kazym Khanty

To view the Kazym Khanty Paradigm Tables, click here.
→ all comments

Kazym-Khanty nouns

In Kazym-Khanty there are two types of nominal declensions: In the absolute declension the case suffixes attach directly to the noun, there are no possessive markers. In addition, there is the personal possessive declension, where the case suffixes attach after the possessive suffixes. The personal possessive declension indicates – amongst other things – the possession relationships. Grammatical gender and definiteness are not marked.

Numbers

Nouns are declined in singular, dual and plural, whereas the singular has no special marker. Nevertheless, a noun in the singular can still have plural meaning. This is mostly the case with collective nouns, e.g. xuɬ βeːɬti ʻcatch fishʼ.

The dual suffix is -ŋən, the suffix for plural –t, -ət, -et. A common aspect of the two suffixes is they require epenthesis between the stem and the suffix if the noun ends with a vowel. Following the vowels –a-, -e- or –o- the epenthesis is –j- and –ŋ- respectively. If the noun ends with –i-, the –i- is replaced by -ɛ- in the dual. In the plural –i- changes into –e-. Disyllabic or polysyllabic nouns with -ə- in the last syllable, loose this reduced vowel preceding the plural suffix: ɵxəɬ ʻsledgeʼ > ɵxɬət ʻsledgesʼ.

The dual sometimes does not refer to the dual number of objects, but rather to a pair of things. In doing so the dual suffix can attach to both components: imɛŋən-ikɛŋən man and womanʼ (literally: two women, two men).

The plural form may have the meaning of multiple varieties of an object: βojət ʻseveral kinds of fatʼ (<βoj ʻfatʼ).

Kazym-Khanty nouns with numerals are always in the singular: kat xɔːt ʻtwo housesʼ. In the declension only the noun changes, never the numeral: kat xɔːta ʻin two housesʼ.

Case

In Kazym-Khanty there are three cases: nominative, locative and dative-lative.

Normally, the nominative is identical with the stem form. The functions genitive and accusative are adopted by the nominative, too.

The locative ending is –n, -ən. Nouns ending with the vowels –a, -o and –i insert the epenthesis –j- between nouns and suffix. Apart from its function as a local case with the meaning ʻwhereʼ the locative serves as temporal, instrumental, instructive or comitative, as well.

Preceding the dative-lative suffix –a, after a noun ending with a vowel –j appears as well. Similar to the locative, the dative-lative adopts a variety of meanings: dative, local case ʻwheretoʼ, modal, final and translative.

Personal-possessive declension

The personal-possessive declension marks the number of the possessor as well as of the possession. The possessive suffix marking the possessor attaches to the noun which labels the possession.

The number of the possession is marked by a number suffix which attaches to the possessive suffix. The suffixes for dual and plural of the possession are derived from the corresponding singular endings. The typical dual element is -ŋəɬ, the typical plural element is -ɬ-.

Preceding a stem ending with –a or –o –j- is inserted before the personal possessive suffix: xɵj-ɛm ʻmy manʼ. If a stem ends with –i, -i changes into -ɛ in the dual: eːβɛ-ŋəɬam ʻmy two daughtersʼ, whereas –i is preserved in the plural: eːβi-ɬam ʻmy daughtersʼ.

As already mentioned, the case suffixes appear after possessive suffixes: xɔːt-ɛm-ən ʻin my houseʼ.

Verbal nouns

Infinitive

The Kazym-Khanty infinitive is formed by adding the suffix –ti to the verbal stem. If the verb ends with two consonants, one of these consonants is omitted before the ending: sɛŋk- : sɛŋŋ˳̯ ti ʻbeatʼ. Yet if the verb stem ends with -nʃ or -njsj, the suffixes first component –t merges with the second element of the consonant cluster, f. e. xanʃ- : xanʃi ʻwriteʼ. Finally, if the verb ends with -ʃ or -sj (without a second consonant in front), by means of metathesis there are -tʃ and -tɕ respectively preceding the –i of the suffix as a result.

Present Participle

Formally, the suffix –ti for the present participle in Kazym Khanty is identical with the infinitive suffix. They are homonyms which have developed from two different forms. The suffix for the present participle attaches directly to the verbal stem. It can have an active as well as a passive function.

Past participle

In Kazym-Khanty, the past participle is formed with the suffix -əm. It attaches directly to the verb stem. If the stem ends with a vowel, there is an epenthesis –j- or –β- between the end of the stem and the suffix. Additionally, there is a paradigmatic vowel change in the majority of these few stems: ji- : juβəm ʻcomeʼ. If there is -ə- within the last closed syllable of the verbal stem, the -ə- is omitted: ɬuŋət- ʻreadʼ : ɬuŋtəm knjiga ʻthe book readʼ.

Like the present participle, the past participle has an active as well as a passive function.

Converb

In Kazym-Khanty, there is only one converb which is formed by the suffixation of the verbal stem with –man.

Numerals

There are two kinds of Kazym-Khanty numerals: cardinal and ordinal numbers.

Cardinal numbers

In the group of Kazym-Khanty cardinals only the numbers from 1 to 8, 10, 20 and 100 are not compounds.

In addition to the the substantival forms it ʻoneʼ and katən ʻtwoʼ there are also adjectival forms: i ʻoneʼ and kat ʻtwoʼ. The substantival forms occur for example as the subject or the object of a sentence.

The numeral ʻnineʼ consists of jaːrt or jart (meaning unknown) and the numeral jaŋ ʻtenʼ. The cardinal numbers from 11 to 17 are formed by means of combining the relevant simple numerals with xosj which goes back to the postposition xosja ʻto, atʼ and jaŋ ʻtenʼ: kat-xosj- jaːŋ ʻtwelveʼ, βeːt-xosj-jaːŋ ʻfifteenʼ. The cardinal numbers ʻeighteenʼ und ʻnineteenʼ are formed by the combination of the simple numeral ʻeightʼ or ʻnineʼ with xɵs ʻtwentyʼ.

All tens between twenty and one hundred include the simple numbers jaŋ ʻtenʼ and sɔːt ʻhundredʼ respectively as their second component: njaɬ-jaŋ ʻfortyʼ, jaːr-sɔːt or jar-sɔːt ʻninetyʼ.

The round hundreds are formed by the combination of the relevant numerals with sɔːt ʻhundredʼ: kat-sɔːt ʻtwo hundredʼ. The same goes for the round thousands, where sjorəs ʻthousandʼ is attached to the numeral in question: kat-sjorəs ʻtwo thousandʼ.

All other cardinal numbers consist of at least two components. The separate components are simply strung together, for example xosj-ɬaːpət ʻtwenty-sevenʼ, βeːt-jaːŋ βeːt ʻfifty-fiveʼ, njiβəɬ-sɔːt-xɵt-jaŋ xɵɬəm ʻeight hundred sixty-threeʼ.

If the numbers appear as an attribute in a sentence, they are not inflected. If they, however, occur within a headless noun phrase or in predicative function, they are inflected like nouns: βeːta jiti ʻit ́s shortly before five o ́clockʼ, jaːrt-jaŋən manti ʻgo away at nine o ́clockʼ. Where there are personal-possessive suffixes the case suffixes attach to the personal-possessive suffixes:

katŋəɬan mija ʻgive me your twoʼ. When declining combined cardinal numbers only the last component is inflected: njaɬ-xosj-jaːŋa ʻuntil fourteenʼ.

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix –mit to cardinal numbers, for example xɵɬmit ʻthirdʼ (with shortened stem), xɵtmit ʻsixthʼ. The ordinals ʻfirstʼ and ʻsecondʼ are not created from the corresponding cardinal numbers, but rather have separate stems: ɔːɬəŋ or ɔːɬəŋmit ʻfirstʼ respectively and kimət ʻsecondʼ. For combined numerals the suffix –mit is attached only to the last component: njaɬ-jaŋ ɔːɬəŋmit ʻforty-firstʼ. Ordinal numbers are not declined in Kazym Khanty.

Verbs

Kazym-Khanty verbs normally have the following morpheme order:

Stem-tense-(passive)-(number of the object)-person-number of the subject

Most of the verbs end in one or more consonants. If a verb is monosyllabic and ends in a vowel, its conjugation is irregular.

In Kazym-Khanty, verbs are conjugated according to singular, dual and plural. The verbs voice can be active or passive.

Verbal conjugation

In Kazym-Khanty, transitive verbs are conjugated according to the subjective and the objective conjugation. The objective conjugation denotes the person of the subject as well as person and number of the direct object. Intransitive verbs can only be conjugated according to the subjective conjugation.

In case of the objective conjugation the suffixes differ to the extent whether there is a singular or a dual or plural object. Moreover, there is a difference whether the verbal stem ends in a consonant or a vowel. Usually the suffixes for verbs ending in a consonant receive an additional -əɬ-: sɛŋŋ ̯ɬəɬɬe ʻhe hits himʼ, maɬɬe ʻhe gives itʼ.

The meaning of formally identical endings becomes accessible via the context only.

Tense

There are three tenses in Kazym-Khanty: Present (or non-preterite), preterite and future. Both in the subjective and the objective conjugation the suffix for present is -ɬ-, -əɬ- and the suffix for preterite is –s-, -əs-. The future tense is formed analytically with the verb pit- ʻstartʼ in present form and the main verb in the infinitive. Often the present tense used for expressing a future meaning too. In Kazym-Khanty, the tense suffixes attach directly to the verbal stem preceding the personal suffixes. In 3rd person singular there is no personal suffix after the tense suffix. Verbs ending in -ɬ, or -ɬʲ don´t attach the suffix for present tense to the stem. In the case of the 3rd person singular the verbal stem indicates verbPRS[3SG]: βɵɬ ʻhe isʼ.

If the verb ends in several consonants, the second component disappears in the whole paradigm except in the 3rd person singular. Sometimes the second consonant may also is missing even in the 3rd singular. Verbs ending in -ʃ or -sʲ change these consonants to –t or -tʲ preceding the present tense suffix.

Mood

In Kazym-Khanty there are only two non-analytical moods: Indicative and imperative. Adhortative, optative and conjunctive are formed analytically.

Adhortative is formed by means of the verb in present indicative and the particle aːt ʻletʼ, whereas the optative is formed with the verb in preterite indicative and the particles aːt ʻletʼ and ɬɔːɬəŋ ʻletʼ. Normally aːt precedes the verb to which it pertains, whereas the use of ɬɔːɬəŋ is not obligatory.

The conjunctive is rather rare. It is formed by means of the verb in preterite indicative and the particles ɬɔːɬəŋ ʻletʼ and ki ʻifʼ. Thereby ki always appears in the subordinate clause and ɬɔːɬəŋ always in the main clause: an ki mɔːʃitəs, ɬuβ ɬɔːɬəŋ jaŋxəs xoɬəp βantti ʻwhen he wasn´t ill, he went to check the netsʼ.

The indicative is unmarked and is implemented by means of the tense forms, whereas the imperative mood has suffixes for all second persons. All the other persons are described with the already mentioned adhortative and a particle before the verb. The 1st person plural of the imperative mood can also be expressed with present tense: muŋ manɬəβ ʻlet´s goʼ. If the verbal stem has a vowel in final position, -j- or –β- are inserted before the personal suffix. Besides, there is also a paradigmatic vowel change: juβa ʻcome!ʼ (< ji- ʻcomeʼ). The imperative forms usually appear without personal pronouns. Yet if there is a personal pronoun, the meaning changes from an order to an earnest plea: mija naŋ manɛm ʻgive meʼ.

In the case of imperative the distinction between subjective and objective conjugation is also possible.

Diathesis

In Kazym-Khanty there is the distinction between active and passive. The passive suffix attaches to the tense suffix. After a consonant it is –aj, after a vowel it is –ij. In the 3rd person singular the suffix shortens to –a and –i. In this case, the word form ends with the passive ending.

Negation

There is no negation verb in Kazym Khanty but rather a negation particle which usually stands directly before the verb. This particle is ant before vowels and an before consonants. It may also be that there are other particles between the negation particle and the verb, e.g. the Adhortative aːt or the Conjunctive ki. The latter may also occur after the combination negation particle + Verb.

Personal pronouns

Kazym Khanty personal pronouns are declinable in the singular, dual and plural. The forms of 2nd person dual and plural are identical, their difference can be discerned only by means of context. The question as to with which grammatical gender in particular the 3rd person singular ɬuβ is to be translated can only be solved contextually. In the tables, the personal pronoun 3rd person singular has therefore been considered a masculine generic.

Unlike nominal declension, personal pronouns are declined with special stems.

Moreover, personal pronouns have specific forms for the accusative and dative, but there are no grammatical cases for the locative and dative-lative. Spatial as well as other relations are expressed within the nominal declension. In the declension of personal pronouns, it is made apparent by means of the connection personal pronoun + postposition. However, the meaning “lative” can be shown by the usage of the suffix –a, which can occur in the dative case after the actual dative suffix.

In Kazym Khanty, only the personal pronoun 1st person singular has two stems: the nominative stem maː and the oblique stem man-, which is used in the dative and accusative.

The accusative suffix is – depending on the language area – -t or –ti or –tti in emphatic form. Between the stem (oblique or non-oblique) and the suffix the connecting vowel –ǝ is inserted. In case of rapid pronunciation, the connecting vowel may be omitted. The dative suffixes correspond to the possessive suffixes of the nouns and are attached directly to the stem. Sometimes the above-mentioned dative-lative suffix –a follows the dative suffix.

Possessive pronouns

A personal pronoun is able to adopt personal possessive suffixes. This happens if the possessor is intended to be particularly stressed. The possessive suffix of singular possession is added directly to the stem. If the possessum is in the dual, before the dual suffix -ŋǝɬ the connecting vowel -ɛ is used. In the 3rd person of all numbers, the dual suffix is reduced to –ŋ. In the case of a plural possessum there is an –i after the pronominal stem and before the plural suffix -ɬ.

Reflexive pronouns

There are no reflexive pronouns formed from real personal pronouns in Kazym Khanty. Pronouns which seem reflexive personal are formed by the combination of personal pronouns with the postposition sati (dial. sata) ʻfor, because of, likeʼ. If the postposition follows a personal pronoun, -t- is reduplicated: ma sattɛma ʻI myselfʼ. The declension is identical to that of possessive pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns

There is a substantive and an adjectival form for Kazym Khanty demonstrative pronouns. In the substantival (independent) form, demonstrative pronouns are able to fulfill the function of any phrase. In contrast to the adjectival (attributive) demonstrative pronouns they also have dual and plural forms and are declinable. In this case, the stem of the dual and plural forms of tami ʻthisʼ and tomi ʻthatʼ shortens to tam- and tom- respectively.

From the semantic point of view there are two groups of Kazym-Khanty demonstrative pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns of proximity regarding space and demonstrative pronouns of distance regarding space.

Interrogative pronouns

Of all Kazym-Khanty interrogative pronouns, xoj ʻwhoʼ and muj ʻwhatʼ are able to form dual as well as plural forms and to adopt case suffixes. Their declension does not differ from the nominal declension.

Apart from the above-mentioned xoj and muj, the interrogative pronoun kamǝn ʻhow muchʼ can adopt personal possessive suffixes.

The pronouns muj-sir ʻwhichʼ und mata ʻwhat kind ofʼ cannot be declined.

In subordinate clauses xoj and muj can occur as conjunctions or can fulfill the function of relative pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns

Kazym-Khanty indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns and the suffixes –t, -ɬ and -ɬt respectively. The indefinite pronouns xojat ʻsomebodyʼ and moɬti ʻsomethingʼ are able to adopt suffixes expressing number or personal possession. In addition, case suffixes can be attached to them and to moɬt-aːrat ʻsomeʼ as well, whereas moɬt-sir ʻanyʼ cannot be declined.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are formed by means of indefinite pronouns plus the prefix m- or n- respectively.

They can be used together with both personal possessive suffixes and case endings.

Postpositions

There are numerous postpositions in Kazym-Khanty. They appear after the word to which they relate. There are no prepositions in Kazym-Khanty.

Postpositions may express spatial, temporal, causal, modal, comparative and other abstract relations: jupijən ʻafter, behindʼ, pati/pata ʻfor, becauseʼ, taːkɬi/taːkɬa ʻwithoutʼ. Formally, one has to differentiate between “serial” postpositions and “non-serial” postpositions.

If a non-serial postposition contains a case suffix it occurs in only one form. This form is either already fossilized and therefore intransparent (eːβəɬt ʻof, fromʼ, iti ʻlikeʼ) or the postposition may only be combined with one certain case suffix. On the other hand, serial postpositions may form a series of two to three forms (in Surgut-Khanty even up to five forms) with lative or locative meaning. An ablative meaning can be expressed by a second postposition eːβəɬt ʻof, fromʼ following an unsuffixed postposition: βutpija ʻbehind (whereto?)ʼ, βutpijn ʻbehind (where?)ʼ, βutəp eːβəɬt ʻfrom behindʼ. It is , however, more common to express an ablative meaning with eːβəɬt alone.

When combining nouns with postpositions, possessive suffixes may be added to the postpositions: xɔːp jeːɬpeβn ʻin front of our boatʼ. But here too the construction muŋ xɔːpeβ jeːɬpijən ʻidʼ is more common. If the postposition ends in a vowel, the vowel changes into –e-/-ɛ- before the suffix: maː itɛma ʻlike meʼ (iti ʻlikeʼ), maː toxəɬpɛm ʻapart from meʼ (toxəɬpi ʻapart from, withoutʼ).

Most of all, postpositions with possessive suffixes follow personal pronouns: nin xosʲana ʻwith youʼ, ɬuβ jeːɬpeɬən ʻin front of himʼ. If the postpositions ends with –i here, the –i changes into a –e- before a possessive suffix. In the case of disyllabic postpositions ending in a consonant plus a schwa in the second syllable, the schwa can be omitted.

At the moment, Khanty postpositions are the topic of a dissertation by Zsófia Schön (Munich). She will provide a detailed syntactic and semantic analysis. Zsófia Schön kindly provided her records and examples which have been compiled with the help of Valentina Nikolaevna Solovar.

Word formation

In Kazym-Khanty, there are two main types of word formation: Derivation or composition.

1. Derivation


1.1. Nouns
1.1.1. Denominal suffixes
-  -ije: Diminutive: xɔːtije ʻlittle houseʼ, poxije ʻlittle sonʼ (xɔːt ʻhouseʼ, pox ʻsonʼ)
-  Pejorative: ikile ʻlittle manʼ (iki ʻmanʼ)
-  -ət, -at: Abstract noun: xuβat ʻlengthʼ (xuβ ʻlongʼ)
-  -ʃiβi: Denotes the size of an object, often with pejorative undertone: iki-ʃiβi ʻdude, old manʼ (iki ʻmanʼ)
1.1.2. Deverbal suffixes
-  -əp: Instrument of an action: kunʃəp ʻcombʼ (kunʃ- ʻscratch, combʼ)
-  -əpsi, -əpʃi: object or process of an action: nɔːtəpsi ʻhelpʼ (nɔːt- ʻhelpʼ)


1.2. Adjectives
1.2.1. Denominal suffixes
-  -i: Propriative: jiŋki ʻwet, moistʼ, xuɬi ʻfishy, full of fishʼ (jiŋk ʻwaterʼ, xuɬ ʻfishʼ)
-  -əp, -pi: Propriative: saməp ʻhearty, with heartʼ, βeːt ɬɵjpi ʻfive-fingeredʼ (sam ʻheartʼ, ɬɵj ʻfingerʼ)
-  -əŋ: Propriative: βɵrtəŋ ʻdivineʼ (βɵrt ʻgod, spiritʼ)
-  -ɬi: Caritive: βeːβɬi ʻpowerlessʼ, sɛmɬi ʻblindʼ (βeːβ ʻpowerʼ, sɛm ʻeyeʼ )
-  -ʃək: Diminutive, comparative: aːrʃək ʻmoreʼ, taːsʲəŋʃək ʻricherʼ (aːr ʻmuchʼ, taːsʲəŋ ʻrichʼ)
1.2.2. Deverbal suffixes -  -əm: Propriative: pɔːtəm ʻfrozenʼ, sɔːrəm ʻdryʼ (pɔːt- ʻfreezeʼ, sɔːr- ʻdryʼ)


1.3. Adverbs
1.3.1. Denominal suffixes
-  -a: Modal, attaches to adjectives: mɔːjəŋa ʻhospitablyʼ (mɔːjəŋ ʻhospitableʼ)
-  -a: Modal, attaches to nouns: jira ʻasideʼ (jir ʻsideʼ)
-  -ən: kutən ʻbetweenʼ, meːβəɬən ʻalternately, successivelyʼ (kut ʻspace, distanceʼ, meːβəɬ ʻlineʼ)
-  -ta, -ɬta: Ablative: jeːɬta ʻfrom afar, from a distanceʼ (jeːɬ ʻfarʼ)


1.4. Verbs
1.4.1. Denominal and deadverbial suffixes
-  -t-: Intransitive, durative: potərt- ʻspeak, talk, tellʼ (potər ʻconversation, speech, narrativeʼ)
-  -əɬt-: Transitive, durative: jaməɬt- ʻimprove, cureʼ (jam ʻgood, beautifulʼ)
-  -ɬə-: Intransitive, durative: βeːɬpəsɬə- ʻdo hunting and fishing, practise a craftʼ (βeːɬpəs ʻhunt and fishingʼ
-  -mə-: Intransitive, durative, inchoative: sɔːxərmə- ʻbe hungry, starveʼ (sɔːxər ʻhungryʼ)
-  -əsʲ-: Intransitive, durative: piɬtəsʲ- ʻuniteʼ (piɬ ʻpartner, comradeʼ)
-  -jiəɬ-: Intransitive, durative: jɛrtjiəɬ- ʻdrizzleʼ (jɛrt ʻrainʼ)
1.4.2. Deverbal suffixes
There are numerous deverbal verbal suffixes in Kazym-Khanty which change the verbs with regards to aktionsart, aspect, valency or modal meaning. A suffix may have several functions, several suffixes can have one and the same meaning. There may even appear several suffixes after one another.
At this point, there are just a few examples provided.
-  -anʲsʲ-: Intransitive, reflexive: kanʃanʲsʲ- ʻlook for sth., investigateʼ (kanʃ- ʻsearchʼ)
-  -ɛmə-: Momentive, intransitive: kaːrɛmə- ʻturnʼ (kaːri- ʻid.ʼ)
-  -əptə-: Transitive, causative: kaːtɬəptə- ʻpresent, hand over, marryʼ (kaːtəɬ- ʻcatch, capture, reachʼ)
-  -tʲɬʲə-: Intransitive, transitive, frequentative: eːβətʲɬʲə- ʻcutʼ (eːβət- ʻid.ʼ)
-  -tə-: Inchoative: xɔːɬɬətə- ʻstart to cryʼ (xɔːɬɬə- ʻcryʼ)


2. Prefixation
Moreover, verbs may also be changed by means of prefixation. Verbal prefixes are not derivational suffixes in the classical way, though. In fact, a verb with a prefix is situated in a grey area between a compound and a syntactical phrase.
Most of the Kazym-Khanty verbal prefixes have developed from adverbs. It is still partly difficult to differentiate them from adverbs today. Originally, verbal prefixes had a directional meaning:
nox-ɬɔːɬʲ- ʻget up, stand upʼ (nox ʻupʼ, ɬɔːɬʲ- ʻstandʼ )
jeːɬ-ʃɵʃ- ʻgo awayʼ (jeːɬ ʻawayʼ, ʃɵʃ- ʻgo, walkʼ )
iɬi-ʃɵjɬə- ʻcollapse, sink downʼ (iɬi ʻdownʼ, ʃɵjɬə- ʻsinkʼ )
However, the prefixation of a verb can change its aktionsart or can indicate perfectivity:
jeːɬi-nʲɵxm- start talkingʼ (jeːɬ ʻawayʼ, Inchoative, nʲɵxm- ʻtalk, sayʼ )
joxi-ɬɛ- ʻeat upʼ (joxi ʻback, inwards ʼ, perfectivity, ɬɛ- ʻeatʼ )
lap-pɛnt- ʻlock upʼ (lap perfectivity, pɛnt- ʻclose, shutʼ )

Many of the prefixated verb forms are lexicalized, yet in a sentence the verbal prefixes don´t necessarily stand directly before the verb they refer to. For example, prefix and verb can be separated by a particle.


3. Composition
There are several types of composition in Kazym-Khanty. First of all, there are so-called pair nouns which generalize the meaning of its components (cf. nouns example 1). In case of declination, both components are declined.
Besides, there are metaphoric words as compounds which components are phonetically homonymic. The semantic meaning of one or even both components is often submerged here (cf. adjectives example 4). Attributive compounds are another type of compound. Here one component specifies the other (cf. nouns example 4).
With regards to the spelling, compounds are handled very differently. Some authors write a hyphen between the components, others write them as two words. There are even examples where the components are written as one word.

3.1. Nouns
-  jɔːʃ-kur ʻlimbsʼ (jɔːʃ ʻhandʼ + kur ʻfootʼ)
-  sɛm-jiŋk ʻtearʼ (sɛm ʻeyeʼ + jiŋk ʻwaterʼ)
-  mɔːjpər-xɔːt ʻbear´s denʼ (mɔːjpər ʻbearʼ + xɔːt ʻhouseʼ)
-  aːj-keːɬ ʻnews, noveltyʼ (aːj ʻsmall, youngʼ + keːɬ ʻropeʼ)
-  pasti βɔːj ʻwolfʼ (pasti ʻquick, sharpʼ + βɔːj ʻanimalʼ)
-  ʃaŋk-jiŋk ʻsweatʼ (ʃaŋk ʻhotʼ + jiŋk ʻwaterʼ)


3.2. Adjectives
-  sɛmɬi-paɬɬi ʻblind and deafʼ (sɛm ʻeyeʼ + paɬ ʻearʼ CAR)
-  piti sɛməp ʻblack-eyedʼ (piti ʻblackʼ + sɛm ʻeyeʼ PROP)
-  pasti kurəp ʻfleet-footed (pasti ʻquickʼ + kur ʻfootʼ PROP)
-  kaːri-paːri ʻquick, swiftʼ


3.3. Adverbs
-  tata-tota ʻeverywhereʼ (tata ʻhereʼ + tota ʻthereʼ)
-  βaːn-kutəɬ ʻoftenʼ (βaːn ʻshort, nearʼ + kut ʻspace, distanceʼ)
-  jeːɬɬi-joxi ʻback and forthʼ (jeːɬɬi ʻforwardʼ + joxi ʻbackʼ)


3.4. Pronouns
-  sʲiməsʲ-sʲiməsʲ ʻthis and thatʼ (sʲiməsʲ ʻsuchʼ)
-  aːr-ʃiməɬ ʻone does not know how muchʼ (aːr ʻmuchʼ + ʃiməɬ ʻlittleʼ)


3.5. Verbs
Both components are conjugated if a verb results by composition.
-  ɬɛ-jaːnʲsʲ- ʻeat, dineʼ (ɬɛ- ʻeatʼ + jaːnʲsʲ- ʻdrinkʼ )
-  ɔːməs-ɬɔːɬʲsʲ- ʻrestʼ (ɔːməs- ʻsitʼ + ɬɔːɬʲsʲ- ʻstandʼ )


(M. Zehetmaier)

Resources

Rédei, K. (Hrsg.): Nord-ostjakische Texte (Kazym-Dialekt) mit Skizze der Grammatik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht 1968.

Каксин, А. Д.: Казымский диалект хантыйского языка. Ханты-Мансийск: Полиграфист 2007.

Nikolaeva, .I.: Ostyak.. München: Lincom 1999.

Solovar, V. N.: Хантыйско-русско словарь. Около 9000 слов. Санкт-Петербург: Мирал 2006.

Dissertation by Zsófia Schön (unpublished) concerning Khanty postpositions